EVOLUTION OF PLANTS

GEOLOGICAL TIME EVOLUTION OF PLANTS

History of the EarthGeologists have hypothesized that our earth has been formed around some 4.6 billion years ago along with other planets that make up the solar system with the sun as its center. According to the theory of fog (Nebula) the formation of the solar system took place in three stages:a. Sun and other planets are gaseous, the fog is so thick and largeb. The fog was spinning and twisting it firmly, where compaction occurs in the center of the circle who then formed the sun. At the same time another party material formed into a smaller mass than the sun is called a planet, moves around the sun.c. Such materials grow bigger and continue to make regular movement around the sun in an orbit that remained and formed the Sun Family StructureWhile the history of life on earth with the many creatures of his life is estimated to occur in 3.5 billion years ago with the advent of micro-organisms as simple as bacteria and algae. Then in one billion years ago has emerged multicellular organisms. New at about 540 million years ago, life on earth is more complex, gradually began berevousi. Developments initiated by Pteridofita plants (ferns), Gimnosperma (lead plant) and the last angiosperms (flowering plants). Regarding the history of our planet, by historians are divided into 13 consecutive days as follows:A. Arkeozoikum age (4.5 - 2.5 billion years old)Arkeozoikum time of ancient life, and the early days of rock forming the earth's crust which later evolved into protokontinen. The rock is found in some parts of the world, commonly called the palace / shield the continent. The oldest rocks recorded was about 3.8 billion years. This period is also the initial formation and early Indrorfer and Atmospheric appear primitive life in the oceans in the form of micro-organisms (bacteria and algae). The oldest fossils have been found fossilized Stromatolites and Cyanobacteria is the age of about 3.5 billion years2. Proterozoic age (2.5 billion - 290 million years ago)Proterozoic age can be interpreted as the beginning of life is the initial formation of the hydrosphere and atmosphere. At this time of life began to evolve from single celled organisms to multicellular (enkaryotes and prokaryotes). Even on approaching the end of this age has been growing more complex organisms, soft-bodied invertebrates such as jellyfish, worms, and corals began to emerge in shallow seas, that the evidence found as the first true fossil.3. Cambrian Period (590-500 million years ago)Cambrian derived from the word "Cambria" the Latin name for Wales, where the old Cambrian rocks were first discovered and studied. At this time many emerging invertebrates that live in the ocean. The animals of this age have also been outside the framework and as a protective shell. Several types of fossils have been found are, algae, worms, sponge, coral, Mollusks, echinoderms, brachiopods and arthropod (Trilobites)A land called Gondwana (ancient continent) is the forerunner of Antarctica, Africa, India, Australia, parts of Asia and South America. While Europe, North America, and the Land of Green is still a small continents apart.4. Ordovician Period (500-440 million years ago)Feature of life which appeared in the Ordovician Period jawless fish (the oldest vertebrates) and some vertebrates first appeared as Tetrakoral, Graptolit, Ekinoid (Sea Urchin), Asteroids (Star of the Sea), Krinoid (Sea Lily) and Bryozona .Overflowing Ocean of Ice Age is part of the events of our time. Gondwana and other continents, the ocean began to close the gap in between5. Silurian Period (440-410 million years ago)at this time of the first land plants appeared primarily Pteridofita (ferns). During the Silurian, the mountain range began to form across Scandinavia, Scotland and the North American coast.6. Devonian Period (410-360 million years ago)Devonian Period is the time of large-scale development of fish and land plants. Jawed fish and the sharks are more active as a predator in the ocean. At this time of transition the lives of animals that migrate from the ocean to the mainland is still continuing, while the developing amphibian animals and headed for the mainland. Besides land plants growing rapidly emerging insects and animals for the first time. Meanwhile, while narrowing the ocean, while the Gondwana continent covering Europe, North America and Green Land.7. Carboniferous period (360-290 million years ago)At this time trees begin to appear, as well as plants and ferm Horsetail grows in the swamp that is now being fossilized into coal. Meanwhile, the continents on the earth together to form a future land called Pangea, and environmental changes that result in various forms of life. In the northern hemisphere, the tropical climate produces a swamp on a large scale with a variety of plants that now are preserved fossilized into coal.8. Permian Period (290 -250 million years ago)Grikgo plants and primitive conifers. However, in this era amphibious animals become less so act, and micsa extinction, coral and fish in a large scale, Tribolit.9. Triassic Period (250-210 million years ago)Fast-growing plant species are plants sikada similar to a palm tree. While the continent of Pangea was moving northward and deserts are formed. Ice sheets in the southern part of the melt and the cracks begin to form Pangea.10. Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago)At this time of rapidly growing animals reptiles, but these animals is the giant dinosaurs roamed the Earth, while hunting in the sea Ichtiyosaurus and pterosaurs dominated the air. Many dinosaurs grew in size outstanding. The first true birds (Archeopterya) evolved and developed many types of crocodiles. Pangea split in which North America split from Africa, while South America away from Antarctica and Australia.11. Cretaceous (140-65 million years ago)flowering plants began to flourish in various forms. Climate is beginning to emerge, while India despite much of Africa into Asia12. Tertiary Period (65 to 1.7 million years ago)continue to evolve in the Tertiary era produced many variations of plants, like shrubs, vines and grass. Furthermore Tertiary and Quaternary age between, there pkemunculan and extinction of animals and plants each change along with changes in global weather13. Quaternary Period (1.7 million years ago - present)Quaternary Period consists of kala (time) Plestosen and Holocene. Kala Plestosen began about 1.8 million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. While the Holocene that followed later still going on. At least when Plestosen occurs 5 times the ice age (glacial era). At the time of glacial much of Europe, north America and northern Asia is covered with ice, as well as to some of the Alps, the mountains and the Himalayas Cherpatia Among these there are four ice ages Intra glacial era, the advent of a warmer Earth's climate. In Java, early human fossils (Homo erectus who used to be called Pithecanthropus erectus) appeared on the Plestosen, while the modern man who has a new civilization emerged Holocene at Kala. Flora and fauna that live on stage is very similar Plestosen flora and fauna that live nowBibliographyBemmelen, RW, 1941, Geologische Kaart van Java, toelichting bij de Bladen 73 (Semarang) en 74 (Ungaran), dienst van de Mijnbouw in Netherlands Indies,, Den Haag: WP en Zoon van Stockum.Bordes, F. The Old Stone Age. London, World University Library, 1968.Fairservis, W.A. The Origins of Oriental Civilization (The origins of East Civilization). (Translation by Anwar), Jakarta: P.T. Kinta, regardless of the number of years.Heekeren H.R. van, "The Stone Age of Indonesia", in Verhandelingen KITLV, LXI. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.Hyperlink, http://www.geocities.com/museumgeologi.Marks, P. "Geological History" Volume IV. (BI courses in writing: Earth Sciences). London: Institute of Teacher Education, without the first year._______, "Lexicon Sratigrapic ofr Indonesia", Scientific Publications, No.. 31. Bandung geological foundation, without a number of years.Marwati Djoened Notosusanto Poesponegoro and Nugroho, Indonesia's National History, Volume I, New York: Central Library, 1992.Sartono, S, "Genesis of Solo terraces". Modern Quatemary Research in Southeast Asia, 2. In 1975._______, "On Pleitocene migration routes of Vertebrate fauna in Southeast Asia". Gelo. Soc. Malaysia, 6, 1973.